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Learning Intentions

• Explain why we can't see atoms
• State what an element is
• State how many elements there are

Introduction - The Elements Song

Notes - Elements

Elements are the simplest substances. There are over 100 different elements. Each element is made up of very tiny particles called atoms, and each element is made up of just one particular type of atom which is different from the atoms in every other element.

Activity - The Periodic Table

1. Do the periodic table pretest. Follow this link for a copy of the periodic table pretest.
2. Collect a copy of the periodic table and stick it to the inside cover of your jotter.

3. Look over your copy of the Periodic Table. Make a list of five elements that you have heard of.
4. Pick two of them, and write down their symbol and atomic number.

Activity - Abundance of the Elements

The diagram below show the abundance (how much there is) of some of the elements in the human body. Convert this information into a bar graph.

Learning Intentions

• State what an element is.
• State how many elements there are.
• Use a Periodic Table to identify the name and symbol of some common elements.

Notes - Elements and the Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in a table called the periodic table. Every element has its own atomic number. Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of their Atomic Number. Each element is represented by a chemical symbol. There are over 100 known elements.

Activity - What do elements look like?

Copy the table below into your jotter.

Fill in the table using the display of elements and your copy of the periodic table.

Element Name	Element Symbol	Appearance

Extension - Interactive Periodic Table

Click the picture of the interactive periodic table below.

The interactive periodic table can be used to find out more information about the elements you have been looking at.

Notes - Element Symbols

The symbol for many common elements uses just the first letter of the name, for example H = hydrogen. Other elements have the first two letter, for example Li = lithium.

However, some of the symbols are not always as you might expect, for example Pb = lead

• The first letter of an element's symbol is always a capital letter, e.g. N (not n) for nirogen.
• If there are two letters in an element's symbol, the second letter, e.g. Co (not CO) for cobalt.

Learning Intentions

• Describe the structure of an atom.
• Name and identify the three particles in the atom.
• Draw a diagram of an atom for elements with atomic number 1-20.

Elements - different types of atom

Elements are the simplest substances. There are about 100 different elements.

Each element is made up of very tiny particles called atoms, and each element is made up of just one particular type of atom, which is different to the atoms in any other element.

Gold is an element made up of only gold atoms.

Carbon is an element made up of only carbon atoms.

Atoms - the building blocks

John Dalton had the first ideas about the existence of atoms over 200 years ago.

However, it is only relatively recently that special microscopes (called electron microscopes) have been invented that can actually 'see' atoms.

Electron microscopes produce images similar to this one. What could it be showing?

The grey blobs are individual lead atoms.

How small is an atom?

Atoms are very small - they are about 0.00000001 cm wide.

Think about the thickness of a crisp.

The number of atoms you would need to stack up to make the thickness of a crisp, is approximately the same number of crisps you would need to stack up to make the height of Mount Everest!

That's roughly 7 million crisps!

Sub atomic particles

For some time, people thought that atoms were the smallest particles and could not be broken into anything smaller.

Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from even smaller particles known as sub atomic particles. There are three types:

Notes - Atomic Structure

Protons, neutrons and electrons are not evenly distributed in an atom.

The protons and neutrons exist in a dense core at the centre of the atom. This is called the nucleus.

The electrons are spread out around the edge of the atom. They orbit the nucleus in layers called shells.

Notes - Properties of Sub Atomic Particles

	Charge	Mass (a.m.u.)	Location
Proton	+1	1	nucleus
Electron	-1	negligible / 0	shell / orbital
Neutron	0	1	nucleus

An atom is neutral because the number of protons (+ve) = number of electrons (-ve)

Atomic number gives the number of electrons in an atom (and therefore number of protons in an atom, but not in an ion).

Mass number = protons + neutrons in an atom

Activity - Atomic Structure Posters

Use the steps below and the atom builder to make an atomic structure poster for one of the first 20 elements.

1. Choose an element with an atomic number between 1 and 20.
2. Using the atom builder, add the same number of protons to the nucleus as your chosen atomic number. For example, if you have chosen atomic number 12, add 12 protons.
3. Add enough electrons to balance the charge of the protons.
4. Click on the stable/unstable button.
5. Add enough neutrons to make your atom stable.
6. Using your diagram, make a poster showing the atomic structure of your atom. Your poster should have a title and include the following labels: proton, neutron, electron, nucleus and orbitals/shells.

Learning Intentions

• Identify the appearance of some common elements, both metal and non-metal.
• Identify a group in the periodic table.
• State how the elements are arranged in the periodic table.

Classifying the Elements

Dimitri Medeleeve created the first modern version of the periodic table. This was based on John Newlands's discovery of 'the law of octaves'. Newlands noticed that every eighth element had similar chemical properties. Mendeleeve used this to arrange the elements into groups with similar chemical properties.

Columns in the periodic table are know as groups.

Rows in the period table are know as periods.

Periodic Table Quiz

1. John Newlands noticed that there was a gap of how many elements before chemical properties repeated themselves?

Answer

2. Who created the first modern version of the periodic table?

Answer

3. Where are metal elements found on the periodic table?

Answer

4. Where are non-metal elements found on the periodic table?

Answer

5. Which elements are liquids?

Answer

Notes - Classifying Elements

Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in Groups (columns). Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Other ways of classifying elements are as:

• solids, liquids and gases
• metals/non-metals
• natural/made by scientists

Activity - Classifying elements

The alkali metals, halogens and noble gases have been highlighted in the copy of the Periodic Table below.

Update your copy of the periodic table from Lesson 1 to show this.

Remember:

Group 1 = alkali metals

Group 7 = halogens

Group 8/0 = noble gases

Learning Intentions

• Describe the properties of metals.
• Describe the properties of non-metals.
• Classify an element as metal or non-metal given properties.

Activity - Electrical Conduction

Copy the table below into your notes.

Element	Conductor or insulator?

Equipment

Collect the equipment below

• 3 x connecting wires
• lamp
• battery cell
• tray of various elements

Instructions

1. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram below.



2. Test each elements conductivity by inserting them into the circuit one at a time.
3. Record your results in your table.

Heat Conduction

Watch the clip and answer the questions that appear throughout the video.

Activity - Heat Conduction

Equipment

Collect the equipment below:

• carbon rod
• copper rod
• small beaker
• hot water

Instructions

1. Set up the equipment as shown below.



2. Which red feels the warmest?
3. Why?

Maleability and Ductility

The clip below shows the properties of maleability and ductility.

Activity - Maleability

Equipment

• Aluminium foil
• Coin

Instructions

1. Press the foil over the coin.
2. What do you see?

Demonstration - Ductility

Watch your teacher demonstrate ductility.

Notes - Maleability and Ductility

Metals are said to be maleable. This means that they can be beaten into shape. You can test this by getting s coin and some tin foil. You should be able to press the foil over the coin. This will imprint the design of the coin onto the foil. This demonstrates maleability.

Metals are also ductile. This means that they can be stretched out into wires

Learning Intentions

• Know that elements contain only one type of atom
• Know that compounds are formed when the atoms of two or more different elements chemically join together.
• Know the appearance and properties of compounds are different from the elements from which they are made.

Atoms in elements and compounds

Elements are materials made up of one type of atom only.

The element, hydrogen, exists as molecules.

Each hydrogen molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms joined together.

Compounds contain two or more different types of atom.

The compound, water, exists as molecules.

Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom.

Properties of compounds

A compound has very different properties to the elements from which it is made because the atoms are joined differently.

Making a compound - water

A compound is made when atoms of different elements react and join together.

For example, water is produced from the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.

Two hydrogen molecules react with one oxygen molecule to produce two molecules of water.

Why does water have different properties to its elements?

Learning Intentions

• Group one metals are called the Alkali Metals.
• Be familiar with the names, symbols and appearance of the alkali metals.
• The alkali metals are very reactive.
• The reactivity increases down the group from lithium to sodium to potassium.

The Alkali Metals - Group 1

In lesson 4 we learned that elements in the periodic table are arranged in groups. Group 1 is known as the Alkali Metals.

The alkali metals are soft (can be cut with a knife), are light (float on water) and are very reactive, so they are stored in oil for safety reasons.

Watch the video below to learn about the properties of the Alkali Metals.

Learning Intentions

• Group seven elements are called the Halogens.
• Know the names, symbols and properties of the halogens.
• Know some of the uses of the halogens and their compounds

Activity - Finding out about the Halogens

Copy the table below into your notes.

Name	Symbol	Appearance	Reactivity	uses
fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine

Click on the picture below to take you to the interactive periodic table.

Use the interactive periodic table to find out information about the Halogens and to help you to fill in your table.

Learning Intentions

• Be familiar with the names, symbols and properties of the noble gases.
• Know the name, symbols, properties and appearance of the noble gases.
• Know some of the uses of the noble gases.

Activity - Finding out about the Noble Gases

Copy this table into your notes

Name	Symbol	Appearance	Reactivity	uses
helium
neon
argon
krypton
xenon
radon

Click on the picture below to take you to the interactive periodic table.

Use the interactive periodic table to find out information about the Noble Gases and to fill in your table.

Learning Intentions

• Identify the position of the transition metals in the Periodic Table.
• Know the names of some transition metals and their uses.
• Know that a metal ore is a rock or mineral from which a metal is extracted.

Note - The Transition Metal Elements

The transition metal elements are found in a block iin the Periodic Table between Groups 2 and 3. They are all metals, with the typical properties of metals. The transition metals and their compounds have a wide range of uses. Their compounds are often coloured.

Watch the video below about the transition metal elemeents abd their properties.

Activity - Transition Metals on the Periodic Table

The transition metal elements have been highlighted in the copy of the Periodic Table below.

Update your copy of the Periodic Table to show the Transition Metal Elements.

Obtaining Metals from the Earth

Some very unreactive transition metals, like silver, gold and platinum can be found as pure metals in the Earth's crust. However, most transition metals have to be extracted from compounds called ores which are found in rocks and minerals. Metals can be extracted from their ores by:

a) heating the ore with carbon

b) dissolving the ore and passing electricity through it (electrolysis).

Learning Intentions

• Know how to extract copper from its ore by heating with carbon.

Activity - Extraction of Copper from Copper Oxide (Copper Ore)

Equipment

• Safety mat and goggles
• Bottle of copper (ii) oxide
• Bottle of carbon
• Spatula
• Test tube & Test tube rack
• Clamp stand (set up with test tube facing away)
• Test tube holder
• Large beaker
• Bunsen burner

Instructions

Watch your teacher demonstrate this experiments then follow the steps below to do the experiment yourself.

1. Mix equal amounts of copper oxide and carbon in test tube.
2. Place in clamp stand and heat with roaring flame for several minutes until red hot.
3. Using test tube holder, empty contents into large beaker half full of water.
4. When mixture settled decant as much of water as possible.
5. Use spatula to scrape as much of the mixture onto piece of paper.
6. You should be able to see dark brown copper amongst the residue.

Results

Answer the following questions in sentences.

1. What colour was the copper (ii) oxide before the experiment?

Answer

2. What colour was the copper after the experiment?

Answer

3. What signs were that a chemical reaction had taken place?

Answer

Learning Intentions

• Know how to extract copper from a solution using electricity (electrolysis).

Notes - Electrolysis

Aluminium, calcium, sodium and magnesium are all produced from their compounds by using electricity. A reaction in which electricity is used to break up a compound is called electrolysis.

Activity - Electrolysis

Watch the clip below on extracting metals by electrolysis. Answer the questions that appear throughout the video.